Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay - 1747 Words

Introduction: Posttraumatic stress disorder is no longer just associated with veterans of war, but it has seen an increase in cases where women have been raped or sexually abused, or in children who have witnessed or been the victims of violence. The mental health care provider may use animal therapy as a supplement to medications and therapy, or may use it on its own. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that is triggered by a traumatic event. The person suffering from PTSD may have experienced this firsthand or have witnessed it. Symptoms include reliving the event, avoiding situations that remind you of the event, negative changes in beliefs and feelings, and hyperarousal. Reliving the event includes having bad memories, nightmares, and flashbacks. The trauma the person with PTSD experienced might cause them change the way they view themselves and others. Hyperarousal is the tendency to be on the lookout for danger or the constant feeling of jitters. Animal therapy involves the use of an animal to promote the maintenance or improvement of human emotional, physical, or cognitive function. Animal therapy may be used in a group or individual setting. While dogs and horses are used most often, many other animals can be used. Quality of life is defined by the CDC as â€Å"an individual’s or group’s perceived physical and mental health over time.† Quality of life includes subjective evaluations of both positive and negativeShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )990 Words   |  4 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a common anxiety disorder characterized by chronic physical arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts and images of the traumatic event, and avoidance of things that can call the traumatic event into mind (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner, Nock, 2014). About 7 percent of Americans suffer from PTSD. Family members of victims can also develop PTSD and it can occur in people of any age. The diagnosis for PTSD requires one or more symptoms to beRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1471 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 1 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Student’s Name Course Title School Name April 12, 2017  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder that many people are facing every day, and it appears to become more prevalent. This disorder is mainly caused by going through or experiencing a traumatic event, and its risk of may be increased by issuesRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Mayo-Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Traumatic Stress disorder can prevent one from living a normal, healthy life. In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1198 Words   |  5 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) is a mental illness that is triggered by witnessing or experiencing a traumatic event. â€Å"PTSD was first brought to public attention in relation to war veterans, but it can result from a variety of traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes(NIMH,2015).† PTSD is recognized as a psychobiological mentalRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1423 Words   |  6 Pages Mental diseases and disorders have been around since humans have been inhabiting earth. The field of science tasked with diagnosing and treating these disorders is something that is always evolving. One of the most prevalent disorders in our society but has only recently been acknowledged is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Proper and professional diagnosis and definitions of PTSD was first introduced by the American Psychiatric Association(APA) in the third edition of the Diagnostic andRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Identity, Groups, and PTSD In 1980, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD,) was officially categorized as a mental disorder even though after three decades it is still seen as controversial. The controversy is mainly founded around the relationship between post-traumatic stress (PTS) and politics. The author believes that a group level analysis will assist in understanding the contradictory positions in the debate of whether or not PTSD is a true disorder. The literature regarding this topicRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder â€Å"PTSD is a disorder that develops in certain people who have experienced a shocking, traumatic, or dangerous event† (National Institute of Mental Health). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has always existed, PTSD was once considered a psychological condition of combat veterans who were â€Å"shocked† by and unable to face their experiences on the battlefield. Much of the general public and many mental health professionals doubted whether PTSD was a true disorder (NIMH)Read MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )944 Words   |  4 Pageswith Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD Stats). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental disorder common found in veterans who came back from war. We can express our appreciation to our veterans by creating more support programs, help them go back to what they enjoy the most, and let them know we view them as a human not a disgrace. According to the National Care of PTSD, a government created program, published an article and provides the basic definition and common symptoms of PTSD. Post-traumaticRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pages84.8% of those diagnosed Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder still show moderate impairment of symptoms, even 30 plus years after the war (Glover 2014). As of today, the Unites States has 2.8 million veterans who served in the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, of those it is estimated that 11 to 20% currently suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. As of 2013, a total of 12,632 veterans of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars are currently diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Glover 2014). Of course itRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1780 Words   |  8 Pagesmental illnesses. One such illness is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental illness that affects a person’s sympathetic nervous system response. A more common name for this response is the fight or flight response. In a person not affected by post-traumatic stress disorder this response activates only in times of great stress or life threatening situations. â€Å"If the fight or flight is successful, the traumatic stress will usually be released or dissipated

Assymetric Information And Financial Market -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Assymetric Information And Financial Market? Answer: Introduction A financial system is the arrangement of all financial entities within a country or a society. Any financial system consists of regulatory authorities (such as Monetary Authority of Singapore), financial intermediaries (such as Commercial Banks) and various stakeholders such as depositors, investors, borrowers etc. A financial system also comprises of the instruments that are used in the process of transactions. For example, currency, securities, Treasury bonds etc are examples of instruments.(Allen Gale, 2001)(Monetary Authority of Singapore, 2018) Source: Prepared by Author. Adapted from (Monetary Authority of Singapore, 2018)(Kania, 2014)(Allen Gale, 2001) Any Financial System primarily consists of Banking and Non Banking Financial companies as intermediaries as well as exchange markets as market places. For example, the Singapore Capital Markets serve as a market place for borrowers and lenders. These include the Stock Exchange, the Equity Capital Market exchange and Foreign Exchange markets.(Monetary Authority of Singapore, 2018) Financial intermediaries perform the function of monitoring and assignment of credit by accepting deposits from depositors and channeling them to borrowers. In this process, the risks associated with earning returns on assets are transferred to the banks and depositors do not necessarily have to bear them.(Claus Smith, 1999) Financial instruments help in creation of liquidity and credit creation. Financial intermediaries are able to provide loans based on the deposits made by depositors.(Claus Smith, 1999) In order to attract depositors, interest is offered to individual and institutional depositors. Financial markets also, mobilize credit amonst themselves.(Hull, 2015) For example, banks may borrow from whosesale markets in order to meet demand for credit in periods when there is not enough liquidity to provide credit during high growth periods. Similarly, stuructured financial instruments help package individual deposits into tradeable securities, thereby facilitating credit creation. Financial intermediaries collect assets in the form of currency , securities etc. High risk assets can be converted into lower risks assets due to the financial system. For example, a bond or a loan may be re-issued or re-secured. The maturity of the bond or the loan is extended. This is known as the transformation of the risks characteristic of an asset.(Claus Smith, 1999) Financial systems, also, solve the Free Rider problem and moral hazards by imposing transaction costs and reducing information asymmetry. The Information Asymmetry function also helps guard against adverse selection. Adverse selection is the provision of credit to the wrong borrowers simply because they have greater access to information or because they try more. Financial system helps reduce adverse selection by providing conditions for advancement of credit. (Claus Smith, 1999) Commercial banks are permitted to accept deposits from customers and use redistribute these deposits as credits. Commercial banks accept credit in the form of savings, current deposits, payment transfers etc. These are known as depository functions of the bank. Finance companies and insurance companies also, perform depository functions by accepting deposits. However, these deposits cannot be repaid on demand by way of cheques, drafts etc. (Monetary Authority of Singapore, 2016)(Andoh, 2014). Some other major similarities are as follows: Commercial banks, financial companies and insurance companies accept deposits and can forward secure loans. All three institutions perform the function of credit creation and risk sharing. All three institution can invest and earn interest or return using the deposits.(Monetary Authority of Singapore, 2018)(Andoh, 2014) There are a few other dissimilarities between commercial banks, finance companies and insurance companies are listed as below: Commercial banks can forward unsecured loans subject to limits while the other two institutions are not permitted to do so.(Monetary Authority of Singapore, 2016) Commercial banks, generally speaking, are able to carry out all the functions such as dealing in securities (domestic as well as offshore) , dealing with foreign currency, and provision of insurance.(Monetary Authority of Singapore, 2016) . Finance and insurance companies are not permitted to acquire or trade in foreign currencies or debt securities, stocks, equities, etc. (Monetary Authority of Singapore, 2016) Commercial Banks can complete transaction involving gold and other precious metals while finance companies and insurance companies cannot.(Andoh, 2014) In a nutshell, commercial banks can perform universal banking while finance companies and insurance companies cannot. The risks faced by banks on a day to day basis are related to a complex set of factors. Banks are vulnerable to financial risks from the points of view of Assets and Liabilities These risks faced by banks can be described in the T-Account given below: Credit Risk : . Credit risk refers to the risks that a bank may fail to fulfill its credit obligations and pay its lenders.(Bank of International Settlements, 2000) Credit risks may arise , on the assets side, from an excessive number of non-performing assets held by the bank while on the liability side, increases in the values of the liabilities ( for example, increase in value due to currency fluctuations) can lead to credit risks. Liquidity Risk : Liquidity risk refers to the risk that banks may be unable to fulfill its obligations or pay off its dues due to a temporary liquidity crunch. Liquidity risks may arise from not maintaining adequate capital or due to high amounts of borrowing. Liquidity issues may have a domine effect and create further issues. For example, banks may have to borrow at high costs, in distress, in order to solve temporary liquidity issues. Holding too many assets may imply that the bank may face a liquidity crunch to fulfill its liabilities. Similarly changes in cash flows expected from assets can also, create liquidity risks. For example, high number of bad loans may create a liquidity crunch from asset side . On the other hand, sudden surge in the liabilities of the bank may also have the same effect.(Epstein, 2016)(Hull, 2015) Interest Rate Risks: Interest rates are volatile . Banks may suffer if banks forward high amounts of debt at low rates and the borrowing rates for banks become higher due an increase in the rates by Central Banks. Similarly, the rates of bonds held by the bank are subject to volatility. Sharp dips and increases may affect the management of the assets and liabilities.(Epstein, 2016) Yield curve risks, high number of forward rate agreements are some of the common types of credit risks(JP Morgan Asset Management, 2001) Market Risks: Market risks generally, arise from the movements in the markets. These could include movements in the capital markets , currency markets etc.(Epstein, 2016) The sudden changes in values of all commodities and securities held by the banks underpin the market risks. (Bank of International Settlements, 2000). On the Asset side, a sharp dip in the value of the assets held by the bank may lead to heavy profits or losses. On the liabilities side, increases in the price of the liabilities may lead to high market risks. For example, Forward Rate Agreements are a great source of Market Risks. (JP Morgan Asset Management, 2001) Operational Risks: Major operational risks faced by banks are internal frauds, external frauds, risks related to employee safety and practices, malpractices from the other party such as clients, suppliers etc., risks relating to damage of physical assets, disruption of business due to failure of security and IT infrastructure, mismanagement and wrongful execution of processes by staff. (Karam Planchet, 2012 ) The sub-prime loans are an example of a bad product that turned into a high number of Non Performing Assets. Such products are operational risks. Similarly, purchasing bad products can increase liability side risks. Banks must follow best practices regarding asset and liability management, in order to minimize these risks. Additionally, banks must at all times aim at sound full disclosure practices. Credit Risks: Financial institutions must create a sound practices document that lists out, in detail, the processes regarding processing and monitoring the approval of credit. (Bank of International Settlements, 2000). Financial institutions are exposed to systematic credit risks (factors at the macro level that may cause risks of default) and firm specific risks (risks arising from the institutions own decisions regarding credit, investment etc.) Diversification is a key strategy used by financial institutions to manage credit risks. This includes diversification of credit sources, investments as well as other sources of earnings such as deposits. Any portfolio of credit or investment held by a financial institution is an optimal mix of low risk assets or liabilities to maintain stability and high risk assets and liabilities to maximize earnings. (Hull, 2015) Generally speaking , financial institutions heavily rely on two risk measures to measure the credit risk within a portfolio: Migration Analysis: The credit ratings of some prominent firms (which represent the structure of the industry) of an industry are monitored for ratings. If credit ratings show a decline that is greater than the historical trend, then the lending to firms of the specific industry is reduced. Generally, a loan migration matrix is also used to forecast the probability of default and whether the loans will be downgraded, uograded or are at default risk within a specific time period. Imposition of Concentration Limits: An upper limit of ten per cent of the entire capital of the insitution is set for loans. Financial institutions cannot advance loans to an individual entity that exceeds 10% of their capital. This helps diversify risks and prevents concentration. Apart fro this, firms can set det upper limits or reduces the loans advanced to specific industries or within specific geographic are to minimize concentration of risk. Liquidity Risks: The Bank must first and foremost, ensure that it meets the minimum capital requirements of Basel II Accord and maintain Capital Adequacy. (Prokopenko Bondarenko, 2012). Apart from the this, the most commonly used strategy to minimize liquidity risks used by banking firms is diversification. For example, a bank may have both individual depositors and institutional (business firms) depositors. In periods of high growth, deposits by institutional depositors may be low buy deposits by individual depositors may be high. Thus diversificatiion helps banks avoid liquidity crunch.(Hull, 2015) Diversification strategies include maintenance of a base that makes recurrent deposits (such as salary depositors), maintenance of liquid or semi-liquid assets (such as equities) , buffer of high quality and assets such as government securities etc. Diversification of liabilities is also a key strategy for liquidity management. Interest Rate Risks: Banks must identify the expected yields of bonds and expected losses of asset values well. Measures like Gap analysis, scenario analysis, duration analysis, value at risk analysis and all best practices are used by banks to protect against interest rate risks.(JP Morgan Asset Management, 2006) Market Risks: Market risks are inversely proportional to knowledge. Information about the markets helps traders understand their risk exposure and enables them to compare the returns on every risk planned. Efficient markets are markets that allow easy access of information to every stakeholder. (Samuelson NordHaus, 2004) As an example, a trader may be able to identify the potential returns on every Electronic Traded Fund simply because exchanges provided information freely on the potential earning on every unit traded, thereby helping them understand not only which ETFs they must trade in but also, the desirable quantity of trading. This helps reduce risk exposure and maximize earning potential for any trader. Similarly, a consumer may be able to identify which mutual fund they must invest in due to the easy access to historical data of the performance of different mutual funds. This helps the consumer reduce market risks. Market Risks are minimized by using the available information and a variety of indicators that help understand the potential profits or loss. The most common measure used to understand market risks is Value-at- Risk model that measures the potential loss of a risky asset or portfolio within a defined period. Operational Risks: Banks are, generally, required to follow international standards and best practices such as setting up Firm wide Regulatory and Control Committees or other such bodies.(JP Morgan Chase and Co, 2013) Primarily, for all kinds of risk, a bank may use the Three line of Defense framework to manage all the different kinds of risks(Infosys Limited, 2017) The three line od defense relates to actions by staff, policies set by policy makers and responsible over view and pro-activeness from the supervisory authorities such as Board of Directors. (KPMG, 2018) (The Institute of Internal Auditors, 2013) Managers are agents of the bank and may not necessarily be shareholders of the bank. Hence, they do not have incentives to maximize the profits of the bank itself. This leads to agency costs for the bank. Agency costs may come in various forms. For example, a manager may not take appropriate care while forwarding loans to deposits. In some cases, managers may take excessive risks in order to meet their targets. The costs of these actions may be borne by the bank.(Diamond, 1996) (Kania, 2014) Agency Costs are costs that arise due to an agents conflicts of interest against those of the Principal. For example, in a Financial system, a bank is an agent while the economic system is a Principal. A bank may take excessive risks , jeopardizing the health of a financial system. Similarly, in a bank or a finance company, a manager may forward excessive unsecured loans to meet targets, putting the firm in a bad position. There are costs attached to the conflicts of interests that arise between the agent and the principal. These are agency costs. Similarly, agency costs may also referred to the costs incurred due to the process of delegated monitoring. (Kania, 2014) A Free rider Problem exists when there is a market failure and some people or entities manage to take advantage of those goods and services that they do not pay for . For example, when two people make a transaction without any transaction costs, they take the advantage of the economic system without paying for it.(Venu, 2003)(Brealey, et al., 2012) For example, one way that commercial banks can overcome the Free Rider problem within a financial system is by introducing transaction costs on all parties that conduct the transaction. The Free rider problem arise when individuals/entities are able to profit from the system without paying for the costs associated. An example of the Free rider problems is when individuals gain high returns from the stock exchange and currency trade simply due to the fact that they can take advantage of weak markets with a high degree of asymmetric information. (Buckle Thompson, 2004)(Heinrich, 2002) The three conditions are adverse selection, moral hazard and asymmetrical information. A financial system cannot function well in the presence of these problems Moral Hazard: Moral Hazard occurs when the agents that benefit do not have to bear the fulfill costs for their actions. For example, excessive speculative activities can distort stock exchange returns but speculators do not pay the price for it. Adverse Selection: The selection of wrong kind of benefactors is known as adverse selection. Conditions when the agents with highest potential of risk are selected over and above that have lower risk is known as adverse selection. Adverse selection causes the prevalence of high risk arrangement and increases the vulnerability of the financial system.(Johnston, et al., 2000) Asymmetrical information: Asymmetrical information is lack of full information to all stakeholders of the system. Some entities such as institutional investors may have more information that ordinary investors giving them an unfair advantage. Asymmetric information can lead to problems of adverse selection or selection of wrong borrowers for credit disbursement, moral hazard and free rider problem(Venu, 2003) Delegated Monitoring: Delegated Monitoring refers to the function of overseeing the flow of credit/liquidity by virtue of being a channel for the flow. Thedelegated monitoris a financial intermediary because it borrows from small investors (depositors), using unmonitored debt (deposits) to lend to borrowers (whose loans itmonitors)(Diamond, 1996) Delegated monitoring can help reduce the three conditions. Delegated monitoring brings its own agency costs. For example, banks may forward excessive credits to maximize their profits but may jeopardize the health of the financial system. However, delegated monitoring is essential and the key is to fix the ownership structure. (Broz, 1998) The process of Central Banking and regulatory authorities helps eliminate the Free Rider problems, Agency costs problem and assigns delegated monitoring.(Broz, 1998) Similarly, the delegated monitoring of banks, internally, is generally entrusted to the Board of Directors.(Brealey, et al., 2012)(Heinrich, 2002) References Allen, F. Gale, D., 2001. Comparing Financial Systems. 2nd ed. Massachussets , USA: London, England; Cambridge, USA. Andoh, S. K., 2014. Essentials of Money, Banking and Financial Institutions: With Applications to the Developing World. First ed. New York, USA: Lexington Books. Bank of International Settlements, 2000. Principles for the Management of Credit Risk - final document. [Online] Available at: https://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs75.htm [Accessed 31 January 2018]. Brealey, R. A., Myers, S. C., Allen, F. Mohanty, P., 2012. Principles of Corporate Finance. Tenth ed. New Delhi: McGraw-Hill Education. Broz, J. L., 1998. The Origins of Central Banking: Solutions to the Free-Rider Problem. The MIT Press, 52(2), pp. 231-268. Buckle, M. J. Thompson, J., 2004. The UK Financial System. Fourth Edition ed. Manchestor, UK; New York, USA: Manchetor University Press. Claus, I. Smith, C., 1999. Financial intermediation and the monetary transmission mechanism. RESERVE BANK OF NEW ZEALAND: Bulletin, 62(4), pp. 4 -16. Diamond, D. W., 1996. Financial Intermediation as Delegated Monitoring: A Simple Example, Richmond, USA: Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Quarterly . Epstein, S., 2016. The Different Types of Risks Faced by Banks. [Online] Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/different-types-risks-faced-banks-stanley-epstein [Accessed 31 Januaury 2018]. Heinrich, R. P., 2002. Complementarities in Corporate Governance. Berlin, Germany: Springer. Hull, J. C., 2015. Risk Management and Financial Institutions. Fourth ed. Hoboken , USA: John Wiley and sons. Infosys Limited, 2017. Operational Risk Management in Banks: The Way Forward. [Online] Available at: https://www.infosys.com/industries/financial-services/white-papers/Documents/risk-management-banking.pdf Johnston, B., Chai, J. Schumacher, L., 2000. Assessing Financial System Vulnerabilities, Washington DC: International Monetary Fund . JP Morgan Asset Management, 2001. The use of Forward Rate Agreements (FRAs) to manage interest rate risk. [Online] Available at: https://treasurytoday.com/2001/06/the-use-of-forward-rate-agreements-fras-to-manage-interest-rate-risk [Accessed 31 Januaury 2018]. JP Morgan Asset Management, 2006. Management of Interest Rate Risk. [Online] Available at: https://treasurytoday.com/2006/03/interest-rate-risk-management-measurement [Accessed 31 Januaury 2018]. JP Morgan Chase and Co, 2013. JP Morgan Annual report. [Online] Available at: https://read.jpmorgan.com/i/292944-jpmorgan-chase-co-annual-report-and-letters-to-shareholders/148 [Accessed 31 January 2018]. Kania, E., 2014. FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS MANAGEMENT. [Online] Available at: https://www.kb.ue.wroc.pl/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/fim_03.pdf [Accessed 30 January 2018]. Karam, E. Planchet, F., 2012 . Operational Risks in Financial Sectors. Advances in Decision Sciences, 2012 (2012 ). KPMG, 2018. The three lines of defense: Making the transition to a mature risk management model. [Online] Available at: https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/ca/pdf/2017/01/three-lines-of-defense-kpmg.pdf [Accessed 30 January 2018]. Monetary Authority of Singapore, 2016. Commercial Banks. [Online] Available at: https://www.mas.gov.sg/singapore-financial-centre/types-of-institutions/commercial-banks.aspx [Accessed 30 January 2018]. Monetary Authority of Singapore, 2016. Finance Companies. [Online] Available at: https://www.mas.gov.sg/singapore-financial-centre/types-of-institutions/finance-companies.aspx Monetary Authority of Singapore, 2018. Singapore Financial Centre. [Online] Available at: https://www.mas.gov.sg/Singapore-Financial-Centre/Types-of-Institutions.aspx [Accessed 30 January 2018]. Prokopenko, Y. Bondarenko, D., 2012. Operational Risk Management: Best Practice Overview and Implementation. Tirana, Albania, International Finance Corporation: World Bank Group. Samuelson, P. A. NordHaus, W. R., 2004. Economics: Seventeenth Edition. 2002 ed. New Delhi: Tata- McGraw Hill Publishing Company. The Institute of Internal Auditors, 2013. IIA POSITION PAPER: THE THREE LINES OF DEFENSE IN EFFECTIVE RISK MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL. [Online] Available at: https://na.theiia.org/standards-guidance/Public%20Documents/PP%20The%20Three%20Lines%20of%20Defense%20in%20Effective%20Risk%20Management%20and%20Control.pdf [Accessed 30 January 2018]. Tinca, A., 2007. The Operational Risk in the Outlook of the Basel II Acord Implementation. Theoretical and Applied Economics, pp. 31 -34. Venu, S., 2003. Assymetric information and financial markets' regulation. [Online] Available at: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/02/10/stories/2003021000030900.htm [Accessed 30 January 2018]. Wright, R. E. Quadrini, V., 2018. 8.2 Transaction Costs, Asymmetric Information, and the Free-Rider Problem. [Online] Available at: https://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/30?e=wright-ch08_s02 [Accessed 30 January 2018].