Entrepreneurship Skills for Engineers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business enterprise Skills for Engineers - Essay Example Learning-based model limits time through a learning circle. The expectation of the talk to designers and trend-setters is to protect assets and make best employments of them while making revelations. Field-tested strategy or business case fills in as an official outline of the profoundly nitty gritty marketable strategy. It gets a business visionary out of the structure and tests the idea of the market. A point by point business case imagines benefits over a sensible period that exceeds expenses and dangers. The powerless business case doesn't legitimize pushing ahead with an extensive marketable strategy. It renders it trying to gauge the arrival on venture. Commercializing a thought includes building, estimating, and learning. The structure is transforming thoughts into items. Estimating relates to customers’ reaction to the items produced. Learning brings about the choice made on whether to turn or continue on. Development meets creation and market bits of knowledge. Basically, it is the way toward changing thoughts into items while showcase understanding is distinguishing customers’ needs in the market. Development may likewise include enhancements for a concocted item to improve acknowledgment in the market. The moderator plots different strides to the nail it at that point scales its procedure. There are five unmistakable stages. To start with, nail the torment. Second, nail the arrangement. The third stage includes nailing the go-to-advertise procedure. The fourth stage includes nailing the plan of action. The fifth stage is proportional it. Nailing the torment is recognizing the issue and the potential arrangements. Nailing the arrangement is choosing the best answer for the issue. Nailing the go-to-advertise methodology includes promoting of the thought or item and assessing the view of expected clients. The plan of action has a few areas that require a location. It closes toward the fulfillment of the field-tested strategy. Scaling the business involves knowing the likely contenders and deciding the size of the business. Plan of action canvas has nineâ key components that a business must have.â

Leda and the Swan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leda and the Swan - Essay Example The fundamental story of the occasions according to Greek folklore portrays the occasions which prompted the origination of Helen and other kids, the occasion referenced in the story are fierce maybe in light of the fact that excellence is regularly conceived from past savagery. Leda was hitched to the ruler of Sparta for example Tyndareus and Zeus appeared as a mammoth swan to mate with Leda on a similar night as she engaged in sexual relations with her better half (Beyst, 2002). Intertextual investigation can show us obviously that the craftsmen who secured this specific subject gave their own concentration to the pictures paying little heed to the media being model, painting or according to Yeats, verse. Basically, the sonnet and other aesthetic mediums which depend on this theme are introducing a caring couple which is weaved with one another. Sensibilities in craftsmanship regularly forestall a total visual portrayal of a sexual demonstration in this manner there are sure perspectives which are not appeared. For instance, Michelangelo’s Leda has her privates secured with the tail quills of the swan while da Vinci’s Leda is by all accounts pretty much embracing a monster swan as opposed to taking part in any sexual demonstration (Beyst, 2002). Then again, the pictures introduced by Yeats unmistakably portray the sexual demonstration and if an individual who knows about the foundation story peruses this sonnet, s/he can plainly know where the purpose of peak goes in close vicinity to the sonnet alongside the climax of the characters. Truth be told, Yeats words have a specific force which can not be felt in artistic creations on account of a distinction in medium. For instance, it is fairly hard to relate to Leda in the event that one essentially sees the canvas yet after perusing the sonnet an individual can put themselves in Leda’s position and experience what she felt (Beyst, 2002).

Health of Children Free Essays

string(127) alluded to in the DfES direction showed that about 10% of understudies experience clinically characterized emotional wellness difficulties. | |Healthy minds | |Promoting enthusiastic wellbeing and prosperity in schools | Contents Executive summary1 Key findings4 Recommendations6 The job of schools in furnishing for understudies with psychological wellness difficulties7 Whole-school ways to deal with advancing great mental health10 Recognizing and accommodating individual needs17 Working in organization with other agencies17 Relationships with parents24 Informal arrangements27 Provision through expert referral31 Notes34 Further information35 Publications35 Websites36 Executive rundown This report inspects the indispensable pretended by schools in advancing the passionate prosperity of their students. It investigations practice dependent on proof accumulated from visits by Her Majesty’s Inspectors (HMI) to 72 schools and reports on the effect of the direction gave to schools four years prior by the Department of Education and Skills (DfES) and the National Healthy Schools Standards (NHSS), concurred in 1999. [1],[2] Both explain the significance of good arrangement to guarantee that schools address the issues of understudies with psychological wellness troubles. We will compose a custom paper test on Wellbeing of Children or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Schools’ absence of information on the DfES direction results from a botched chance to improve the nature of arrangement for students with emotional well-being challenges. The huge number of schools visited for this review who were not moving in the direction of meeting the NHSS is of genuine concern. Just barely over portion of them knew that such norms existed. Of these, lone a little minority of schools were moving in the direction of or had met the rules for accommodating pupils’ passionate wellbeing and prosperity. One obstruction was the low degree of attention to the significance of the issue. It is obvious, in this way, that preparation for staff on psychological wellness challenges was seen as required in seventy five percent of the schools. Most preparing would in general spotlight on techniques for overseeing pupils’ conduct instead of on elevating positive ways to deal with connections and settling clashes. Regardless of such an absence of mindfulness in schools of emotional wellness issues, there was acceptable practice in 33% of the schools in the review, including: †¢ an ethos which esteemed and regarded people †¢ a genuine way to deal with harassing and pupils’ troubles with connections, and quick goals of issues †¢ great game plans for listening cautiously to pupils’ sees †¢ the inclusion of guardians in distinguishing issues and making arrangement for their kids. Great joint working between wellbeing administrations, social administrations and schools was at the core of viable arranging and arrangement for singular understudies. Despite the fact that multi-organization working was getting better settled inside neighborhood training specialists, it was unacceptable in a fourth of the schools. Schools, guardians and understudies were not constantly mindful of how they may access administrations. The best game plans included normal gatherings went to by a scope of experts, where work was composed, referrals made and troubles followed up. Wellbeing administrations, social administrations and schools utilized various terms to portray emotional well-being troubles. The absence of a typical language added to challenges in perceiving and addressing pupils’ needs. Schools recognized around one of every twenty students with emotional well-being issues, despite the fact that the Department of Health proposes a figure closer one out of ten. Game plans for understudies to allude themselves for help and help were mainstream with them, just as viable. This was especially so where an understudy was battling sincerely yet where the school had not seen changes in the pupil’s conduct. Coaching and backing from peers was likewise powerful at giving a listening ear and open doors for positive companionships. The report infers that schools should make the advancement of pupils’ passionate wellbeing and prosperity a need and guarantee all staff know about the direction accessible. Key discoveries were about all essential or exceptional schools and understudy referral units (PRUs). Auxiliary schools thought that it was generally hard to focus on game plans for multi-office working and they once in a while started to lead the pack in improving this part of their work. The absence of normal language between instruction, wellbeing and social administrations experts added to the challenges in building up great association working. Proposals Local specialists and different offices should: †¢ guarantee that administrations for students with emotional wellness challenges are co-ordinated adequately inside their zone and that entrance to administrations is obvious to schools, guardians, kids, youngsters and other help clients †¢ commission, where suitable, the administrations of intentional associations. Schools and different settings should: utilize the DfES national direction on emotional wellness troubles to grow clear systems, that are known and utilized by all staff, for recognizing and supporting understudies †¢ guarantee that issues concerning psychological wellness are handled effectively, either through the National Healthy School Standard (NHSS) program or the PSHE educational plan †¢ build up courses of action for forestall ing tormenting and advancing positive connections and screen their adequacy †¢ cooperate to guarantee that the DfES direction is dispersed to all staff. The job of schools in furnishing for understudies with psychological wellness challenges 1. Numerous administrations assume a significant job in advancing pupils’ passionate wellbeing and prosperity, including wellbeing administrations, social administrations, intentional associations, early years arrangement and schools. Be that as it may, the idea of emotional wellness troubles conveyed a significant disgrace for some students and their folks. This, together with the need to go to a facility, made troubles for Child and Mental Health Services (CAMHS) in working with youngsters and their folks. A couple of students in the study said that they didn't wish to go to facilities for their arrangements and would not like to be marked as intellectually sick. Schools, consequently, assume a significant job in supporting youngsters and youngsters here. 2. Direction gave by the DfES in 2001 expected to support instructors and others, working close by emotional wellness experts, to advance children’s psychological wellness and to mediate viably. [3] It gives a helpful portrayal of the idea of students with psychological well-being challenges and an exhaustive diagram of the issues identifying with joint working between wellbeing administrations, social ervices and training. It proposes accommodating procedures for schools to utilize. Barely any schools, be that as it may, knew about the direction which ought to have given a decent chance to improve the nature of arrangement for understudies with psychological wellness challenges. 3. A study alluded to in the DfES direction demo nstrated that about 10% of students experience clinically characterized psychological well-being troubles. You read Wellbeing of Children in class Paper models The schools visited, be that as it may, distinguished distinctly somewhere in the range of 4% and 6% of students by and large with some type of psychological well-being trouble, demonstrating some under-ID. This may go some approach to disclosing why schools battle to deal with the conduct and participation of certain students, in the event that they are not accurately recognizing their challenges and accommodating them. 4. The 1999 Mental Health Foundation production Bright prospects characterized youngsters who are intellectually sound as ready to: †¢ grow mentally, inwardly, mentally and profoundly †¢ start, create and support commonly fulfilling individual connections †¢ utilize and appreciate isolation †¢ become mindful of others and identify with them †¢ play and learn build up a feeling of good and bad †¢ resolve (face) issues and difficulties and gain from them. [4] 5. Wellbeing administrations, social administrations and schools all utilization various terms to depict students and their conditions. There are numerous meanings of the term ‘mental wellbeing difficulty’ running from the exceptionally ordered, usually utilized by numerous wellbeing administrations, to those dependent on progressively elucidating terms which are pervasive in schools and other instructive settings. 6. ‘Mental health’ and ‘mental wellbeing difficulties’ are all the more regularly utilized terms inside wellbeing and social consideration. Schools and nearby specialists are progressively utilizing the term ‘emotional wellbeing and well-being’ comparable to both the consideration they take of understudies and the educational program they give. 7. The absence of shared definitions and comprehension of emotional wellness issues, notwithstanding, makes it hard for schools to recognize and talk about these students. In a little extent of elementary schools, young men were pinpointed as bound to show emotional well-being challenges, however most schools revealed no example. Some optional schools recognized more young ladies who were discouraged, self-hurting or who had dietary problems. In any case, no genuine sex contrasts were obvious and young men and young ladies were similarly liable to have emotional well-being issues which were apparent in school. Entire school ways to deal with advancing great emotional wellness 8. The best schools advanced great enthusiastic wellbeing and prosperity by esteeming and regarding each person. In the schools visited, those which exemplified a worth framework that grasped all kids distinguished less kids with emotional well-being issues. These schools advanced numerous and shifted open doors for students to share their considerations and sentiments. They utilized the educational program to create pupils’ listening aptitudes and a comprehension of different people’s perspectives: this culture saturated school life. Contextual analysis An elementary school in a burdened zone had a mindful and supp

Children in Immigration Detention Essay - 1925 Words

Children in Immigration Detention (Research Paper Sample) Content: No childs play: Children in Immigration DetentionName:Institution:IntroductionThe manner in which asylum seekers are treated remains a highly sensitive issue worldwide (Hollenbach, 2002). The common good is thus defined as a practice that benefits the society in general with contrast to the private good enjoyed by individuals and sections of the society. Snyder and Lopez (2007) states that the idea of common good is only achievable through collective action, citizenship as well as active participation in public service and the realm of politics. In the Australian policy, however, all non-citizens since 1992 inclusive of children who seek refuge without legal documentation are detained in mandatory detention centers. It is argued that to attain common good, persons should not live as atomized individuals isolated from one another, instead, people should live as citizens and thus enjoying social relationships (Taylor Dell'Oro, 2006). In this case, asylum seekers in the country arrive from traumatizing backgrounds such as civil wars using hazardous voyages only to end up in these detention centers. While there are efforts to process the legal documents for the refugees, individuals are held in the centers with no guarantee of the maximum period before release. Children are denied various health and developmental rights thus raising ethical concerns that go against the common good.PerspectivesThere include several stakeholders who are directly involved in the detention of immigrant children in Australia. Each of these groups has different agendas, arguments and viewpoints that will be analyzed in this section. The first perspective by the Human Rights Commission inquiry in 2014 reports that the Australian detention centers are a violation of the children rights presented by the United Nations. In this case, children are put at great risk of mental harm, mental violence, and exposure to physical violence as well as the denial of a right to education . The perspective observes that the inability of the Commonwealth to follow up on the recommendations offered by health practitioners had a real impact on the common good. Data suggests that this failure had amounted in the inhumane, cruel and degrading treatment of the affected children. In this perspective, information was collected in a span of ten months in which the prolonged detention of children in the centers resulted in negative effects on their development, emotional and mental health. The stakeholder wishes for the situation to change the various laws and policies of Labor and Coalition governments in the country are breached. The countrys policy in which refugees are mistreated has resulted in the violation of various human rights such as arbitrary torture and possible exposure to torture following forcible return to their countries of origin.Human Rights Commission reports that the practice of holding children in the centers has no tangible proof that it deters people f rom seeking asylum thus it beats logic as an explanation for the prolonged uncouth detention of children. In Christmas Island, for instance, the children held there were denied a right to education for a long period exceeding a year. There are calls for change in this situation as the Ministry of Immigration and Border Protection has failed to protect the children. This arm of the government sits as the vital guardian for any unaccompanied child in the country. The situation needs proper analysis and recommendations implemented to counter the decision by the commonwealth to use force in transferring children from one detention center to another. The perspective by Human Rights Commission recommends that children and their families should be released into the community with a right to work using bridging visas. For purposes of legislation such as identity, security and health checks, children can be detained but not for extensive periods. Upon sending children offshore for processing , a guarantee should be given in the respect for their human rights.The Australian government as the second stakeholder has designed two policies that have affected children in immigration detention. To begin with, the government advised mandatory detention of immigrants as well as stopping the asylum seeker boats from entering the country. In support of this perspective, the government asserts that immigration detention do support a proper migration system whereby potential risks in the Australian community can be identified and managed accordingly. Some of the risks mentioned include health, national security and character risks that are thought to increase with refugee influx. In support of the perspective, the government claims that the immigrant detention centers in the country are constantly toured by Commonwealth officials and other representatives of the community groups for review. Also, the government reports that it has enhanced robust complaint and internal feedback syst ems in the detention facilities. The Australian government has achieved key targets in reducing the population of children in detention centers through stopping the boats. While the government believes that inhibiting the entry of immigrants is key in dealing with the problems children face in detention centers, other bodies such as the Human Rights Commission think otherwise. Australia ought to offer a rather conducive environment for the refugees since turning the boats back does not solve the problem at hand. First, there exists the use of hazardous voyage by the immigrants in which sending them back does not guarantee safety (GoÃÅ' mez-Lobo, 2002).The government has opted for preventative strategies to curb entry and in cases of entry, refugee children are detained in offshore detention centers which raises much alarm concerning their wellbeing. The children in immigration detention provide the third perspective in which the Australian public openly refers to them as illegal immigrants who may drain the public resources. While other citizens assume that immigrant children could be terrorists, most of these children felt like criminals with some not even aware of why they were detained in the first place. Others were born in the detention centers showing that the government and other stakeholders ought to give them a second chance to life through integrating them into the society.Principles of human flourishingThe principles involve respecting the human person, promote the family and work towards the common good (Cox Wallace, 2002). Gregg (2013) states that the concept of respecting these rights requires a person to be immune from harm by others. Human rights merit several types of treatment on human beings whereas discouraging uncouth practices on immigrants. The issue of detention of immigrants in Australia raises the issue of the common good in which the state of affairs runs against the will of the refugees. The health and state of development of these children are questioned by the Human Rights Commission in the first perspective. Most of the children, in this case, appear unaccompanied by their parents and family whereas others were born within the detention facilities. Regarding Hollenbach (2002) children in these facilities are affected mentally, physically as well as sexually thus increasing the risk of self-harm. The current state of the common good in the country influences the negative image depicted by the Australian government that is one of the stakeholders. While the government argues that its policies against refugees are efficient, questions are left on the conditions of the detention centers that appear worse that Australian prisons. The practice of keeping children within these centers is complex in that it raises ethical concerns. Whereas the refugee children and the Human Rights Commission will campaign for better treatment, it is quite evident that the country has sovereign rights. The Australian governme nt is justified to some extent in protecting its boundaries and waterways thus giving a reason for the Navy turning boats away. From some of these countries where refugees come from, cases of terrorism and radical groups are rampant thus indicating the need for the government to take security precautions (Taylor, Dell'Oro, 2006). The refugees in some extent should not just be assimilated into the society without proper documentation and assistance. However, the Human Rights Commission is not antagonist about the fact that the government intends to assist the refugees accordingly. The commission feels that the Australian government takes longer periods in offering the assistance thus forcing children to live in detention centers. The government, however, assures the other stakeholders of the improvements in the transparency of activities in the detention centers. However, there are reported cases of senior managers at the centers refusing to answer questions on abuse. The study incl udes the refugee children as one of the stakeholders thus raising concerns about the treatment they received in Nauru center. Children are reported to receive physical and sexual abuse in which some are asked to perform sexual acts before guards. While the children continue being traumatized and their development deteriorates, the Australian government is left with a negative image of humanity. Regardless of the fact that detaining refugees may assist in security measures, the need to observe human rights ought to be respected. Human beings are entitled to family in which detention centers exposes children to sights of physical and sexual abuse. The trauma left on these children affects their development whereby some are deprived of proper development. The lack of proper family values which forms one of the major principles of human flourishing is wanting (Morris, 2012). Lack of family counseling measures and values res... Children in Immigration Detention Essay - 1925 Words Children in Immigration Detention (Research Paper Sample) Content: No childs play: Children in Immigration DetentionName:Institution:IntroductionThe manner in which asylum seekers are treated remains a highly sensitive issue worldwide (Hollenbach, 2002). The common good is thus defined as a practice that benefits the society in general with contrast to the private good enjoyed by individuals and sections of the society. Snyder and Lopez (2007) states that the idea of common good is only achievable through collective action, citizenship as well as active participation in public service and the realm of politics. In the Australian policy, however, all non-citizens since 1992 inclusive of children who seek refuge without legal documentation are detained in mandatory detention centers. It is argued that to attain common good, persons should not live as atomized individuals isolated from one another, instead, people should live as citizens and thus enjoying social relationships (Taylor Dell'Oro, 2006). In this case, asylum seekers in the country arrive from traumatizing backgrounds such as civil wars using hazardous voyages only to end up in these detention centers. While there are efforts to process the legal documents for the refugees, individuals are held in the centers with no guarantee of the maximum period before release. Children are denied various health and developmental rights thus raising ethical concerns that go against the common good.PerspectivesThere include several stakeholders who are directly involved in the detention of immigrant children in Australia. Each of these groups has different agendas, arguments and viewpoints that will be analyzed in this section. The first perspective by the Human Rights Commission inquiry in 2014 reports that the Australian detention centers are a violation of the children rights presented by the United Nations. In this case, children are put at great risk of mental harm, mental violence, and exposure to physical violence as well as the denial of a right to education . The perspective observes that the inability of the Commonwealth to follow up on the recommendations offered by health practitioners had a real impact on the common good. Data suggests that this failure had amounted in the inhumane, cruel and degrading treatment of the affected children. In this perspective, information was collected in a span of ten months in which the prolonged detention of children in the centers resulted in negative effects on their development, emotional and mental health. The stakeholder wishes for the situation to change the various laws and policies of Labor and Coalition governments in the country are breached. The countrys policy in which refugees are mistreated has resulted in the violation of various human rights such as arbitrary torture and possible exposure to torture following forcible return to their countries of origin.Human Rights Commission reports that the practice of holding children in the centers has no tangible proof that it deters people f rom seeking asylum thus it beats logic as an explanation for the prolonged uncouth detention of children. In Christmas Island, for instance, the children held there were denied a right to education for a long period exceeding a year. There are calls for change in this situation as the Ministry of Immigration and Border Protection has failed to protect the children. This arm of the government sits as the vital guardian for any unaccompanied child in the country. The situation needs proper analysis and recommendations implemented to counter the decision by the commonwealth to use force in transferring children from one detention center to another. The perspective by Human Rights Commission recommends that children and their families should be released into the community with a right to work using bridging visas. For purposes of legislation such as identity, security and health checks, children can be detained but not for extensive periods. Upon sending children offshore for processing , a guarantee should be given in the respect for their human rights.The Australian government as the second stakeholder has designed two policies that have affected children in immigration detention. To begin with, the government advised mandatory detention of immigrants as well as stopping the asylum seeker boats from entering the country. In support of this perspective, the government asserts that immigration detention do support a proper migration system whereby potential risks in the Australian community can be identified and managed accordingly. Some of the risks mentioned include health, national security and character risks that are thought to increase with refugee influx. In support of the perspective, the government claims that the immigrant detention centers in the country are constantly toured by Commonwealth officials and other representatives of the community groups for review. Also, the government reports that it has enhanced robust complaint and internal feedback syst ems in the detention facilities. The Australian government has achieved key targets in reducing the population of children in detention centers through stopping the boats. While the government believes that inhibiting the entry of immigrants is key in dealing with the problems children face in detention centers, other bodies such as the Human Rights Commission think otherwise. Australia ought to offer a rather conducive environment for the refugees since turning the boats back does not solve the problem at hand. First, there exists the use of hazardous voyage by the immigrants in which sending them back does not guarantee safety (GoÃÅ' mez-Lobo, 2002).The government has opted for preventative strategies to curb entry and in cases of entry, refugee children are detained in offshore detention centers which raises much alarm concerning their wellbeing. The children in immigration detention provide the third perspective in which the Australian public openly refers to them as illegal immigrants who may drain the public resources. While other citizens assume that immigrant children could be terrorists, most of these children felt like criminals with some not even aware of why they were detained in the first place. Others were born in the detention centers showing that the government and other stakeholders ought to give them a second chance to life through integrating them into the society.Principles of human flourishingThe principles involve respecting the human person, promote the family and work towards the common good (Cox Wallace, 2002). Gregg (2013) states that the concept of respecting these rights requires a person to be immune from harm by others. Human rights merit several types of treatment on human beings whereas discouraging uncouth practices on immigrants. The issue of detention of immigrants in Australia raises the issue of the common good in which the state of affairs runs against the will of the refugees. The health and state of development of these children are questioned by the Human Rights Commission in the first perspective. Most of the children, in this case, appear unaccompanied by their parents and family whereas others were born within the detention facilities. Regarding Hollenbach (2002) children in these facilities are affected mentally, physically as well as sexually thus increasing the risk of self-harm. The current state of the common good in the country influences the negative image depicted by the Australian government that is one of the stakeholders. While the government argues that its policies against refugees are efficient, questions are left on the conditions of the detention centers that appear worse that Australian prisons. The practice of keeping children within these centers is complex in that it raises ethical concerns. Whereas the refugee children and the Human Rights Commission will campaign for better treatment, it is quite evident that the country has sovereign rights. The Australian governme nt is justified to some extent in protecting its boundaries and waterways thus giving a reason for the Navy turning boats away. From some of these countries where refugees come from, cases of terrorism and radical groups are rampant thus indicating the need for the government to take security precautions (Taylor, Dell'Oro, 2006). The refugees in some extent should not just be assimilated into the society without proper documentation and assistance. However, the Human Rights Commission is not antagonist about the fact that the government intends to assist the refugees accordingly. The commission feels that the Australian government takes longer periods in offering the assistance thus forcing children to live in detention centers. The government, however, assures the other stakeholders of the improvements in the transparency of activities in the detention centers. However, there are reported cases of senior managers at the centers refusing to answer questions on abuse. The study incl udes the refugee children as one of the stakeholders thus raising concerns about the treatment they received in Nauru center. Children are reported to receive physical and sexual abuse in which some are asked to perform sexual acts before guards. While the children continue being traumatized and their development deteriorates, the Australian government is left with a negative image of humanity. Regardless of the fact that detaining refugees may assist in security measures, the need to observe human rights ought to be respected. Human beings are entitled to family in which detention centers exposes children to sights of physical and sexual abuse. The trauma left on these children affects their development whereby some are deprived of proper development. The lack of proper family values which forms one of the major principles of human flourishing is wanting (Morris, 2012). Lack of family counseling measures and values res...

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay - 1747 Words

Introduction: Posttraumatic stress disorder is no longer just associated with veterans of war, but it has seen an increase in cases where women have been raped or sexually abused, or in children who have witnessed or been the victims of violence. The mental health care provider may use animal therapy as a supplement to medications and therapy, or may use it on its own. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that is triggered by a traumatic event. The person suffering from PTSD may have experienced this firsthand or have witnessed it. Symptoms include reliving the event, avoiding situations that remind you of the event, negative changes in beliefs and feelings, and hyperarousal. Reliving the event includes having bad memories, nightmares, and flashbacks. The trauma the person with PTSD experienced might cause them change the way they view themselves and others. Hyperarousal is the tendency to be on the lookout for danger or the constant feeling of jitters. Animal therapy involves the use of an animal to promote the maintenance or improvement of human emotional, physical, or cognitive function. Animal therapy may be used in a group or individual setting. While dogs and horses are used most often, many other animals can be used. Quality of life is defined by the CDC as â€Å"an individual’s or group’s perceived physical and mental health over time.† Quality of life includes subjective evaluations of both positive and negativeShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )990 Words   |  4 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a common anxiety disorder characterized by chronic physical arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts and images of the traumatic event, and avoidance of things that can call the traumatic event into mind (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner, Nock, 2014). About 7 percent of Americans suffer from PTSD. Family members of victims can also develop PTSD and it can occur in people of any age. The diagnosis for PTSD requires one or more symptoms to beRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1471 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 1 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Student’s Name Course Title School Name April 12, 2017  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder that many people are facing every day, and it appears to become more prevalent. This disorder is mainly caused by going through or experiencing a traumatic event, and its risk of may be increased by issuesRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Mayo-Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Traumatic Stress disorder can prevent one from living a normal, healthy life. In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1198 Words   |  5 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) is a mental illness that is triggered by witnessing or experiencing a traumatic event. â€Å"PTSD was first brought to public attention in relation to war veterans, but it can result from a variety of traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes(NIMH,2015).† PTSD is recognized as a psychobiological mentalRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1423 Words   |  6 Pages Mental diseases and disorders have been around since humans have been inhabiting earth. The field of science tasked with diagnosing and treating these disorders is something that is always evolving. One of the most prevalent disorders in our society but has only recently been acknowledged is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Proper and professional diagnosis and definitions of PTSD was first introduced by the American Psychiatric Association(APA) in the third edition of the Diagnostic andRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Identity, Groups, and PTSD In 1980, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD,) was officially categorized as a mental disorder even though after three decades it is still seen as controversial. The controversy is mainly founded around the relationship between post-traumatic stress (PTS) and politics. The author believes that a group level analysis will assist in understanding the contradictory positions in the debate of whether or not PTSD is a true disorder. The literature regarding this topicRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder â€Å"PTSD is a disorder that develops in certain people who have experienced a shocking, traumatic, or dangerous event† (National Institute of Mental Health). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has always existed, PTSD was once considered a psychological condition of combat veterans who were â€Å"shocked† by and unable to face their experiences on the battlefield. Much of the general public and many mental health professionals doubted whether PTSD was a true disorder (NIMH)Read MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )944 Words   |  4 Pageswith Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD Stats). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental disorder common found in veterans who came back from war. We can express our appreciation to our veterans by creating more support programs, help them go back to what they enjoy the most, and let them know we view them as a human not a disgrace. According to the National Care of PTSD, a government created program, published an article and provides the basic definition and common symptoms of PTSD. Post-traumaticRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pages84.8% of those diagnosed Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder still show moderate impairment of symptoms, even 30 plus years after the war (Glover 2014). As of today, the Unites States has 2.8 million veterans who served in the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, of those it is estimated that 11 to 20% currently suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. As of 2013, a total of 12,632 veterans of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars are currently diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Glover 2014). Of course itRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1780 Words   |  8 Pagesmental illnesses. One such illness is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental illness that affects a person’s sympathetic nervous system response. A more common name for this response is the fight or flight response. In a person not affected by post-traumatic stress disorder this response activates only in times of great stress or life threatening situations. â€Å"If the fight or flight is successful, the traumatic stress will usually be released or dissipated

Assymetric Information And Financial Market -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Assymetric Information And Financial Market? Answer: Introduction A financial system is the arrangement of all financial entities within a country or a society. Any financial system consists of regulatory authorities (such as Monetary Authority of Singapore), financial intermediaries (such as Commercial Banks) and various stakeholders such as depositors, investors, borrowers etc. A financial system also comprises of the instruments that are used in the process of transactions. For example, currency, securities, Treasury bonds etc are examples of instruments.(Allen Gale, 2001)(Monetary Authority of Singapore, 2018) Source: Prepared by Author. Adapted from (Monetary Authority of Singapore, 2018)(Kania, 2014)(Allen Gale, 2001) Any Financial System primarily consists of Banking and Non Banking Financial companies as intermediaries as well as exchange markets as market places. For example, the Singapore Capital Markets serve as a market place for borrowers and lenders. These include the Stock Exchange, the Equity Capital Market exchange and Foreign Exchange markets.(Monetary Authority of Singapore, 2018) Financial intermediaries perform the function of monitoring and assignment of credit by accepting deposits from depositors and channeling them to borrowers. In this process, the risks associated with earning returns on assets are transferred to the banks and depositors do not necessarily have to bear them.(Claus Smith, 1999) Financial instruments help in creation of liquidity and credit creation. Financial intermediaries are able to provide loans based on the deposits made by depositors.(Claus Smith, 1999) In order to attract depositors, interest is offered to individual and institutional depositors. Financial markets also, mobilize credit amonst themselves.(Hull, 2015) For example, banks may borrow from whosesale markets in order to meet demand for credit in periods when there is not enough liquidity to provide credit during high growth periods. Similarly, stuructured financial instruments help package individual deposits into tradeable securities, thereby facilitating credit creation. Financial intermediaries collect assets in the form of currency , securities etc. High risk assets can be converted into lower risks assets due to the financial system. For example, a bond or a loan may be re-issued or re-secured. The maturity of the bond or the loan is extended. This is known as the transformation of the risks characteristic of an asset.(Claus Smith, 1999) Financial systems, also, solve the Free Rider problem and moral hazards by imposing transaction costs and reducing information asymmetry. The Information Asymmetry function also helps guard against adverse selection. Adverse selection is the provision of credit to the wrong borrowers simply because they have greater access to information or because they try more. Financial system helps reduce adverse selection by providing conditions for advancement of credit. (Claus Smith, 1999) Commercial banks are permitted to accept deposits from customers and use redistribute these deposits as credits. Commercial banks accept credit in the form of savings, current deposits, payment transfers etc. These are known as depository functions of the bank. Finance companies and insurance companies also, perform depository functions by accepting deposits. However, these deposits cannot be repaid on demand by way of cheques, drafts etc. (Monetary Authority of Singapore, 2016)(Andoh, 2014). Some other major similarities are as follows: Commercial banks, financial companies and insurance companies accept deposits and can forward secure loans. All three institutions perform the function of credit creation and risk sharing. All three institution can invest and earn interest or return using the deposits.(Monetary Authority of Singapore, 2018)(Andoh, 2014) There are a few other dissimilarities between commercial banks, finance companies and insurance companies are listed as below: Commercial banks can forward unsecured loans subject to limits while the other two institutions are not permitted to do so.(Monetary Authority of Singapore, 2016) Commercial banks, generally speaking, are able to carry out all the functions such as dealing in securities (domestic as well as offshore) , dealing with foreign currency, and provision of insurance.(Monetary Authority of Singapore, 2016) . Finance and insurance companies are not permitted to acquire or trade in foreign currencies or debt securities, stocks, equities, etc. (Monetary Authority of Singapore, 2016) Commercial Banks can complete transaction involving gold and other precious metals while finance companies and insurance companies cannot.(Andoh, 2014) In a nutshell, commercial banks can perform universal banking while finance companies and insurance companies cannot. The risks faced by banks on a day to day basis are related to a complex set of factors. Banks are vulnerable to financial risks from the points of view of Assets and Liabilities These risks faced by banks can be described in the T-Account given below: Credit Risk : . Credit risk refers to the risks that a bank may fail to fulfill its credit obligations and pay its lenders.(Bank of International Settlements, 2000) Credit risks may arise , on the assets side, from an excessive number of non-performing assets held by the bank while on the liability side, increases in the values of the liabilities ( for example, increase in value due to currency fluctuations) can lead to credit risks. Liquidity Risk : Liquidity risk refers to the risk that banks may be unable to fulfill its obligations or pay off its dues due to a temporary liquidity crunch. Liquidity risks may arise from not maintaining adequate capital or due to high amounts of borrowing. Liquidity issues may have a domine effect and create further issues. For example, banks may have to borrow at high costs, in distress, in order to solve temporary liquidity issues. Holding too many assets may imply that the bank may face a liquidity crunch to fulfill its liabilities. Similarly changes in cash flows expected from assets can also, create liquidity risks. For example, high number of bad loans may create a liquidity crunch from asset side . On the other hand, sudden surge in the liabilities of the bank may also have the same effect.(Epstein, 2016)(Hull, 2015) Interest Rate Risks: Interest rates are volatile . Banks may suffer if banks forward high amounts of debt at low rates and the borrowing rates for banks become higher due an increase in the rates by Central Banks. Similarly, the rates of bonds held by the bank are subject to volatility. Sharp dips and increases may affect the management of the assets and liabilities.(Epstein, 2016) Yield curve risks, high number of forward rate agreements are some of the common types of credit risks(JP Morgan Asset Management, 2001) Market Risks: Market risks generally, arise from the movements in the markets. These could include movements in the capital markets , currency markets etc.(Epstein, 2016) The sudden changes in values of all commodities and securities held by the banks underpin the market risks. (Bank of International Settlements, 2000). On the Asset side, a sharp dip in the value of the assets held by the bank may lead to heavy profits or losses. On the liabilities side, increases in the price of the liabilities may lead to high market risks. For example, Forward Rate Agreements are a great source of Market Risks. (JP Morgan Asset Management, 2001) Operational Risks: Major operational risks faced by banks are internal frauds, external frauds, risks related to employee safety and practices, malpractices from the other party such as clients, suppliers etc., risks relating to damage of physical assets, disruption of business due to failure of security and IT infrastructure, mismanagement and wrongful execution of processes by staff. (Karam Planchet, 2012 ) The sub-prime loans are an example of a bad product that turned into a high number of Non Performing Assets. Such products are operational risks. Similarly, purchasing bad products can increase liability side risks. Banks must follow best practices regarding asset and liability management, in order to minimize these risks. Additionally, banks must at all times aim at sound full disclosure practices. Credit Risks: Financial institutions must create a sound practices document that lists out, in detail, the processes regarding processing and monitoring the approval of credit. (Bank of International Settlements, 2000). Financial institutions are exposed to systematic credit risks (factors at the macro level that may cause risks of default) and firm specific risks (risks arising from the institutions own decisions regarding credit, investment etc.) Diversification is a key strategy used by financial institutions to manage credit risks. This includes diversification of credit sources, investments as well as other sources of earnings such as deposits. Any portfolio of credit or investment held by a financial institution is an optimal mix of low risk assets or liabilities to maintain stability and high risk assets and liabilities to maximize earnings. (Hull, 2015) Generally speaking , financial institutions heavily rely on two risk measures to measure the credit risk within a portfolio: Migration Analysis: The credit ratings of some prominent firms (which represent the structure of the industry) of an industry are monitored for ratings. If credit ratings show a decline that is greater than the historical trend, then the lending to firms of the specific industry is reduced. Generally, a loan migration matrix is also used to forecast the probability of default and whether the loans will be downgraded, uograded or are at default risk within a specific time period. Imposition of Concentration Limits: An upper limit of ten per cent of the entire capital of the insitution is set for loans. Financial institutions cannot advance loans to an individual entity that exceeds 10% of their capital. This helps diversify risks and prevents concentration. Apart fro this, firms can set det upper limits or reduces the loans advanced to specific industries or within specific geographic are to minimize concentration of risk. Liquidity Risks: The Bank must first and foremost, ensure that it meets the minimum capital requirements of Basel II Accord and maintain Capital Adequacy. (Prokopenko Bondarenko, 2012). Apart from the this, the most commonly used strategy to minimize liquidity risks used by banking firms is diversification. For example, a bank may have both individual depositors and institutional (business firms) depositors. In periods of high growth, deposits by institutional depositors may be low buy deposits by individual depositors may be high. Thus diversificatiion helps banks avoid liquidity crunch.(Hull, 2015) Diversification strategies include maintenance of a base that makes recurrent deposits (such as salary depositors), maintenance of liquid or semi-liquid assets (such as equities) , buffer of high quality and assets such as government securities etc. Diversification of liabilities is also a key strategy for liquidity management. Interest Rate Risks: Banks must identify the expected yields of bonds and expected losses of asset values well. Measures like Gap analysis, scenario analysis, duration analysis, value at risk analysis and all best practices are used by banks to protect against interest rate risks.(JP Morgan Asset Management, 2006) Market Risks: Market risks are inversely proportional to knowledge. Information about the markets helps traders understand their risk exposure and enables them to compare the returns on every risk planned. Efficient markets are markets that allow easy access of information to every stakeholder. (Samuelson NordHaus, 2004) As an example, a trader may be able to identify the potential returns on every Electronic Traded Fund simply because exchanges provided information freely on the potential earning on every unit traded, thereby helping them understand not only which ETFs they must trade in but also, the desirable quantity of trading. This helps reduce risk exposure and maximize earning potential for any trader. Similarly, a consumer may be able to identify which mutual fund they must invest in due to the easy access to historical data of the performance of different mutual funds. This helps the consumer reduce market risks. Market Risks are minimized by using the available information and a variety of indicators that help understand the potential profits or loss. The most common measure used to understand market risks is Value-at- Risk model that measures the potential loss of a risky asset or portfolio within a defined period. Operational Risks: Banks are, generally, required to follow international standards and best practices such as setting up Firm wide Regulatory and Control Committees or other such bodies.(JP Morgan Chase and Co, 2013) Primarily, for all kinds of risk, a bank may use the Three line of Defense framework to manage all the different kinds of risks(Infosys Limited, 2017) The three line od defense relates to actions by staff, policies set by policy makers and responsible over view and pro-activeness from the supervisory authorities such as Board of Directors. (KPMG, 2018) (The Institute of Internal Auditors, 2013) Managers are agents of the bank and may not necessarily be shareholders of the bank. Hence, they do not have incentives to maximize the profits of the bank itself. This leads to agency costs for the bank. Agency costs may come in various forms. For example, a manager may not take appropriate care while forwarding loans to deposits. In some cases, managers may take excessive risks in order to meet their targets. The costs of these actions may be borne by the bank.(Diamond, 1996) (Kania, 2014) Agency Costs are costs that arise due to an agents conflicts of interest against those of the Principal. For example, in a Financial system, a bank is an agent while the economic system is a Principal. A bank may take excessive risks , jeopardizing the health of a financial system. Similarly, in a bank or a finance company, a manager may forward excessive unsecured loans to meet targets, putting the firm in a bad position. There are costs attached to the conflicts of interests that arise between the agent and the principal. These are agency costs. Similarly, agency costs may also referred to the costs incurred due to the process of delegated monitoring. (Kania, 2014) A Free rider Problem exists when there is a market failure and some people or entities manage to take advantage of those goods and services that they do not pay for . For example, when two people make a transaction without any transaction costs, they take the advantage of the economic system without paying for it.(Venu, 2003)(Brealey, et al., 2012) For example, one way that commercial banks can overcome the Free Rider problem within a financial system is by introducing transaction costs on all parties that conduct the transaction. The Free rider problem arise when individuals/entities are able to profit from the system without paying for the costs associated. An example of the Free rider problems is when individuals gain high returns from the stock exchange and currency trade simply due to the fact that they can take advantage of weak markets with a high degree of asymmetric information. (Buckle Thompson, 2004)(Heinrich, 2002) The three conditions are adverse selection, moral hazard and asymmetrical information. A financial system cannot function well in the presence of these problems Moral Hazard: Moral Hazard occurs when the agents that benefit do not have to bear the fulfill costs for their actions. For example, excessive speculative activities can distort stock exchange returns but speculators do not pay the price for it. Adverse Selection: The selection of wrong kind of benefactors is known as adverse selection. Conditions when the agents with highest potential of risk are selected over and above that have lower risk is known as adverse selection. Adverse selection causes the prevalence of high risk arrangement and increases the vulnerability of the financial system.(Johnston, et al., 2000) Asymmetrical information: Asymmetrical information is lack of full information to all stakeholders of the system. Some entities such as institutional investors may have more information that ordinary investors giving them an unfair advantage. Asymmetric information can lead to problems of adverse selection or selection of wrong borrowers for credit disbursement, moral hazard and free rider problem(Venu, 2003) Delegated Monitoring: Delegated Monitoring refers to the function of overseeing the flow of credit/liquidity by virtue of being a channel for the flow. Thedelegated monitoris a financial intermediary because it borrows from small investors (depositors), using unmonitored debt (deposits) to lend to borrowers (whose loans itmonitors)(Diamond, 1996) Delegated monitoring can help reduce the three conditions. Delegated monitoring brings its own agency costs. For example, banks may forward excessive credits to maximize their profits but may jeopardize the health of the financial system. However, delegated monitoring is essential and the key is to fix the ownership structure. (Broz, 1998) The process of Central Banking and regulatory authorities helps eliminate the Free Rider problems, Agency costs problem and assigns delegated monitoring.(Broz, 1998) Similarly, the delegated monitoring of banks, internally, is generally entrusted to the Board of Directors.(Brealey, et al., 2012)(Heinrich, 2002) References Allen, F. Gale, D., 2001. Comparing Financial Systems. 2nd ed. Massachussets , USA: London, England; Cambridge, USA. Andoh, S. K., 2014. Essentials of Money, Banking and Financial Institutions: With Applications to the Developing World. First ed. New York, USA: Lexington Books. Bank of International Settlements, 2000. Principles for the Management of Credit Risk - final document. [Online] Available at: https://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs75.htm [Accessed 31 January 2018]. Brealey, R. A., Myers, S. C., Allen, F. Mohanty, P., 2012. Principles of Corporate Finance. Tenth ed. New Delhi: McGraw-Hill Education. Broz, J. L., 1998. The Origins of Central Banking: Solutions to the Free-Rider Problem. The MIT Press, 52(2), pp. 231-268. Buckle, M. J. Thompson, J., 2004. The UK Financial System. Fourth Edition ed. Manchestor, UK; New York, USA: Manchetor University Press. Claus, I. Smith, C., 1999. Financial intermediation and the monetary transmission mechanism. RESERVE BANK OF NEW ZEALAND: Bulletin, 62(4), pp. 4 -16. Diamond, D. W., 1996. Financial Intermediation as Delegated Monitoring: A Simple Example, Richmond, USA: Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Quarterly . Epstein, S., 2016. The Different Types of Risks Faced by Banks. [Online] Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/different-types-risks-faced-banks-stanley-epstein [Accessed 31 Januaury 2018]. Heinrich, R. P., 2002. Complementarities in Corporate Governance. Berlin, Germany: Springer. Hull, J. C., 2015. Risk Management and Financial Institutions. Fourth ed. Hoboken , USA: John Wiley and sons. Infosys Limited, 2017. Operational Risk Management in Banks: The Way Forward. [Online] Available at: https://www.infosys.com/industries/financial-services/white-papers/Documents/risk-management-banking.pdf Johnston, B., Chai, J. Schumacher, L., 2000. Assessing Financial System Vulnerabilities, Washington DC: International Monetary Fund . JP Morgan Asset Management, 2001. The use of Forward Rate Agreements (FRAs) to manage interest rate risk. [Online] Available at: https://treasurytoday.com/2001/06/the-use-of-forward-rate-agreements-fras-to-manage-interest-rate-risk [Accessed 31 Januaury 2018]. JP Morgan Asset Management, 2006. Management of Interest Rate Risk. [Online] Available at: https://treasurytoday.com/2006/03/interest-rate-risk-management-measurement [Accessed 31 Januaury 2018]. JP Morgan Chase and Co, 2013. JP Morgan Annual report. [Online] Available at: https://read.jpmorgan.com/i/292944-jpmorgan-chase-co-annual-report-and-letters-to-shareholders/148 [Accessed 31 January 2018]. Kania, E., 2014. FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS MANAGEMENT. [Online] Available at: https://www.kb.ue.wroc.pl/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/fim_03.pdf [Accessed 30 January 2018]. Karam, E. Planchet, F., 2012 . Operational Risks in Financial Sectors. Advances in Decision Sciences, 2012 (2012 ). KPMG, 2018. The three lines of defense: Making the transition to a mature risk management model. [Online] Available at: https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/ca/pdf/2017/01/three-lines-of-defense-kpmg.pdf [Accessed 30 January 2018]. Monetary Authority of Singapore, 2016. Commercial Banks. [Online] Available at: https://www.mas.gov.sg/singapore-financial-centre/types-of-institutions/commercial-banks.aspx [Accessed 30 January 2018]. Monetary Authority of Singapore, 2016. Finance Companies. [Online] Available at: https://www.mas.gov.sg/singapore-financial-centre/types-of-institutions/finance-companies.aspx Monetary Authority of Singapore, 2018. Singapore Financial Centre. [Online] Available at: https://www.mas.gov.sg/Singapore-Financial-Centre/Types-of-Institutions.aspx [Accessed 30 January 2018]. Prokopenko, Y. Bondarenko, D., 2012. Operational Risk Management: Best Practice Overview and Implementation. Tirana, Albania, International Finance Corporation: World Bank Group. Samuelson, P. A. NordHaus, W. R., 2004. Economics: Seventeenth Edition. 2002 ed. New Delhi: Tata- McGraw Hill Publishing Company. The Institute of Internal Auditors, 2013. IIA POSITION PAPER: THE THREE LINES OF DEFENSE IN EFFECTIVE RISK MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL. [Online] Available at: https://na.theiia.org/standards-guidance/Public%20Documents/PP%20The%20Three%20Lines%20of%20Defense%20in%20Effective%20Risk%20Management%20and%20Control.pdf [Accessed 30 January 2018]. Tinca, A., 2007. The Operational Risk in the Outlook of the Basel II Acord Implementation. Theoretical and Applied Economics, pp. 31 -34. Venu, S., 2003. Assymetric information and financial markets' regulation. [Online] Available at: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/02/10/stories/2003021000030900.htm [Accessed 30 January 2018]. Wright, R. E. Quadrini, V., 2018. 8.2 Transaction Costs, Asymmetric Information, and the Free-Rider Problem. [Online] Available at: https://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/30?e=wright-ch08_s02 [Accessed 30 January 2018].

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